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Brownfield, M.E., Affotter, R.H., Brownfield, I.K., Hower, J.C., and Stricker, G.D., 1999, Dispersed volcanic ash in feed coal and its influence on coal combustion products:  International Ash Utilization Symposium, Lexington, KY, 18-20 October 1999, cd publication.
 
Brownfield, M.E., Cathcart, J.D., Affolter, R.H., Brownfield, I.K., Rice, C.A., O’Connor, J.T., Zielinski, R.A., Bullock, J.H., Jr., Hower, J.C., and Meeker, G.P., 2005, Characterization and modes of occurrence of elements in feed coal and coal combustion products from a power plant utilizing low-sulfur coal from the Powder River Basin, Wyoming: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2004-5271, 36 p.
 
Cathcart, J., Reynolds, R., Brownfield, M., and Hower, J., 1997, Chemical, mineralogical, and magnetic characterization of sized fly ash from a coal-fired power plant in Kentucky:  1997 International Ash Utilization Symposium, 20-22 October, 1997, Lexington, KY, p. 785-792.
 
Demirkan, M., Aydilek, A.H., Seagren, E.A., Hower, J.C., 2011, Naphthalene and O-xylene Adsorption onto High Carbon Fly Ash: ASCE J of Environmental Engineering, v. 137, p. 377-387.
 
Elswick, E.R., Hower, J.C., Carmo, A.M., Sun, T., Mardon, S.M., 2007, Sulfur and Carbon isotope geochemistry of coals and derived combustion by-products: An example from an eastern Kentucky power plant: Applied Geochemistry, v. 22, p. 2065-2077.
 
Foner, H.A., Robl, T.L., Hower, J.C., and Graham, U.M., 1997, Preliminary experiments on the characteristics and potential uses of coal fly ash from Israel: American Chemical Society, Fuel Chemistry Division Preprints, v. 42, p. 341-344.
 
Foner, H.A., Robl, T.L., Hower, J.C., and Graham, U.M., 1999,  Some characteristics and potential uses of coal fly ash from Israel:  Fuel, v. 78, 215-223.
 
Goodarzi, F., and Hower, J.C., 2008, Classification of carbon in Canadian fly ashes and their implications in the capture of mercury: Fuel, v. 87, p. 1949-1957.
 
Groppo, J., Robl, T., and Hower, J.C., 2004, The beneficiation of coal combustion ash, in Energy, Waste, and the Environment - A Geochemical Perspective (R. Gieré and P. Stille, eds.): The Geological Society of London Special Publication 236, p. 247-262.
 
Hill, R.J., Majors, R.K., Rathbone, R.F., and Hower, J.C., 1998, A study of the carbonaceous components of some fly ashes used commercially in concrete: American Chemical Society, Fuel Chemistry Division Preprints of Symposia, v. 43, p. 975-979.
 
Hill, R.L., Rathbone, R.F., and Hower, J.C., 1998, Investigation of fly ash carbon by thermal analysis and optical microscopy: Cement and Concrete Research, v. 28, p. 1479-1488.
 
Hill, R.L., Sarkar, S.L., Rathbone, R.F., and Hower, J.C., 1997, An examination of fly ash carbon and its interactions with air entraining agents: Cement and Concrete Research, v. 27, p. 193-204.
 
Hill, R.L., Sarkar, S.L., Rathbone, R.F., and Hower, J.C., 1997, A physico-chemical analysis of the carbonaceous material in class F fly ash:  Proceedings, 12th International Symposium on Coal Combustion By-Product (CCB) Management and Use, January 26-30, 1997, Orlando, FL, published by Electric Power Research Institute, EPRI TR-107055-V1, p. 23-1 - 23-12.
 
Hower, J.C., Maroto-Valer, M.M., Taulbee, D.N., Sakulpitkakphon, T., 2000, Mercury Capture by Distinct Fly Ash Carbon Forms: Energy & Fuels, v. 14, p. 224-226..
 
Hower, J.C.,  Thomas, G.A., Clifford, D.S., Eady, J.D., J.D. Robertson, and Wong, A.S., 1996, Petrography and chemistry of fly ash from the Shawnee power station, Kentucky:  Energy Sources, v. 18, p. 107-118.
 
Hower, J.C., ,Robertson, J.D., Elswick, E.R., Roberts, J.M., Brandsteder, K., Trimble, A.S., and Mardon, S.M., 2007, Further Investigation of the Impact of the Co-combustion of Tire-derived Fuel and Petroleum Coke on the Petrology and Chemistry of Coal Combustion Products: Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, vol. 29, p. 431-461.
 
Hower, J.C., 2012, Petrographic examination of coal-combustion fly ash:  International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 92, 90-97.
 
Hower, J.C., and Mastalerz, M., 2001, An Approach Towards a Combined Scheme for the
Petrographic Classification of Fly Ash: Energy & Fuels, v. 15, p. 1319-1321.
 
Hower, J.C., and Robertson, J.D., 2004, Chemistry and petrology of fly ash derived from the co-combustion of Western United States coal and tire-derived fuel: Fuel Processing Technology, v. 85, p. 359-377.
 
Hower, J.C., and Robl, T.L., 1993,  Production of coal-combustion by-products in Kentucky:  Trends and prospects:  Journal of Coal Quality, v. 12, p. 24-29.
 
Hower, J.C., Finkelman, R.B., Rathbone, R.F., and Goodman,  J., 2000, Intra- and Inter-unit Variation in Fly Ash Petrography and Mercury Adsorption: Examples from a Western Kentucky Power Station: Energy & Fuels, v. 14, p. 212-216.
 
Hower, J.C., Graham, U.M., and Wild, G.D., 1995, Petrographic characterization of high-carbon fly ash samples from Kentucky power stations:  American Coal Ash Association,  11th International Symposium on Use and Management of Coal Combustion Byproducts, editors S.S. Tyson, T.H. Blackstock, J. Hunger, and A. Marshall, Jan. 15-19, 1995, Orlando, FL, published by Electric Power Research Institute, EPRI TR-10467-V2, p. 62-1 - 62-12.
 
Hower, J.C., Graham, U.M., Dozier, A., Tseng, M.T., Khatri, R.A., 2008, Association of sites of heavy metals with nanoscale carbon in a Kentucky electrostatic precipitator fly ash: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 42, p. 8471-8477.
 
Hower, J.C., Graham, U.M., Dyar, M.D., Taylor, M.E., and Rathbone, R.F., 1995, Iron distribution among phases in high- and low-sulfur coal fly ash:  International Pittsburgh Coal Conference, 12th, p. 1138-1143.
 
Hower, J.C., Graham, U.M., Wong, A.S., Robertson, J.D., Haeberlin, B.O., Thomas, G.A., and Schram, W.H., 1997, Influence of flue-gas desulfurization on coal combustion by-product quality at Kentucky power stations burning high-sulfur coal:  Waste Management, v. 17, p. 523-533.
 
Hower, J.C., Rathbone, R.F., and Goodman, J., 1998, Intra- and Inter-unit Variation in Fly Ash Petrography: Examples from a Western Kentucky Power Station: International Pittsburgh Coal Conference, 15th.
 
Hower, J.C., Rathbone, R.F., Graham, U.M., Groppo, J.G., Brooks, S.M., Robl, T.L., and Medina, S.S., 1995, Approaches to the petrographic characterization of fly ash: International Coal Testing Conference, 11th, Lexington, KY, May 10-12, 1995, p. 49-54.
 
Hower, J.C., Rathbone, R.F., Robertson, J.D., Peterson, G., and Trimble, A.S., 1999, Petrology, mineralogy, and chemistry of magnetically-separated sized fly ash:  Fuel, v. 78, p. 197-203.
 
Hower, J.C., Rathbone, R.F., Robl, T.L., Thomas, G.A., Haeberlin, B.O., and Trimble, A.S., 1997, Case study of the conversion of tangential- and wall-fired units to low-NOx combustion: Impact on fly ash quality: Waste Management, v. 17, p. 219-229.
 
Hower, J.C., Robertson, J.D., and Roberts, J.M., 2001, Combustion by-products from the co-combustion of coal, tire-derived fuel, and petroleum coke at a Western Kentucky cyclone-fired unit:  Fuel Processing Technology, v. 74, p. 125-142.
 
Hower, J.C., Robertson, J.D., Graham, U.M., Thomas. G.A., Wong, A.S., and Schram, W.H., 1993, Characterization of Kentucky coal-combustion by-products:  compositional variations based on sulfur content of feed coal:  Journal of Coal Quality, v. 12, p. 150-155.
 
Hower, J.C., Robertson, J.D., Thomas, G.A., Wong, A.S., Schram, W.H., Graham, U.M., Rathbone, R.F., and Robl, T.L., 1996, Characterization of fly ash from Kentucky power plants:  Fuel, v. 75, p. 403-411.
 
Hower, J.C., Robl, T.L., and Thomas, G.A., 1999, Changes in the Quality of Coal Combustion By-products Produced by Kentucky Power Plants, 1978 to 1997:  Consequences of Clean Air Act Directives: Fuel, , v. 78, p. 701-712.
 
Hower, J.C., Robl, T.L., Anderson, C., Thomas, G.A., Sakulpitakphon, T., Mardon, S.M., and Clark, W.L., 2005, Characteristics of coal utilization products (CUBs) from Kentucky power plants, with emphasis on Mercury content:  Fuel, vol. 84, p. 1338-1350.
 
Hower, J.C., Robl, T.L., Rathbone, R.F., Groppo, J.G., Graham, U.M., and Taulbee, D.N., 1996, Case studies of the impact of conversion to low-NOx combustion on fly ash petrology and mineralogy: Australian Coal Science Conference, 7th, Dec. 2-4, 1996, Gippsland, Victoria, Australia, p. 347-354.
 
Hower, J.C., Robl, T.L., Rathbone, R.F., Schram, W.H., and Thomas, G.A., 1997, Characterization of Pre- and Post-NOx Conversion Fly Ash From the Tennessee Valley Authority’s John Sevier Fossil Plant:  Proceedings, 12th International Symposium on Coal Combustion By-Product (CCB) Management and Use, January 26-30, 1997, Orlando, FL, published by Electric Power Research Institute, EPRI TR-107055-V2, p. 39-1 - 39-13.
 
Hower, J.C., Robl, T.L., Thomas, G.A., Hopps, S.D., Grider, M., 2009, Chemistry of coal and coal combustion products from  Kentucky power plants:   Results from the 2007 sampling, with emphasis on selenium:  Coal Combustion & Gasification Products, v. 1, p. 50-62. http://www.coalcgp-journal.org/papers/2009/CCGP-D-09-00013-Hower-supp.pdf
 
Hower, J.C., Sakulpitakphon, T., Trimble, A.S., Thomas, G.A., and Schram, W.H., 2006,  Major and Minor Element Distribution in Fly Ash from a Coal-fired Utility Boiler in Kentucky: Energy Sources, vol. 28, p. 79–95.
 
Hower, J.C., Senior, C.L., Suuberg, E.M., Hurt, R.H., Wilcox, J.L., Olson, E.S., 2010, Mercury capture by native fly ash carbons in coal-fired power plants:  Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, v. 36, p. 510-529.
 
Hower, J.C., Suárez-Ruiz, I., and Mastalerz, M., 2005, An approach toward a combined scheme for the petrographic classification of fly ash: Revision and clarification: Energy & Fuels, vol. 19, p. 653-655.
 
Hower, J.C., Thomas, G.A., and Trimble, A.S., 1999, Impact of NOx Conversion on Fly Ash Quality: Investigation of a Unit Burning High-sulfur Coal:  International Ash Utilization Symposium, Lexington, KY, 18-20 October 1999, cd publication.
 
Hower, J.C., Thomas, G.A., Mardon, S.M., and Trimble, A.S., 2005, Impact of co-combustion of petroleum coke and coal on fly ash quality: Case study of a Western Kentucky power plant:  Applied Geochemistry, vol. 20, p. 1309-1319.
 
Hower, J.C., Trimble, A.S., and Eble, C.F., 2001, Temporal and spatial variations in fly ash quality: Fuel Processing Technology, v. 73, p. 37-58.
 
Hower, J.C., Trimble, A.S., Eble, C.F., Palmer, C., and Kolker, A., 1999, Characterization of Fly Ash from Low-sulfur and High-sulfur Coal Sources: Partitioning of carbon and trace elements with particle size: Energy Sources, v. 21, p. 511-525.
 
Hower, J.C., Valentim, B., Kostova, I.J., Henke, K.R., 2008, Discussion on “Characteristics of Fly Ashes from Full-Scale Coal-Fired Power Plants and Their Relationship to Mercury Adsorption” by Lu et al.: Energy & Fuels, v. 22, p. 1055-1058.
 
Kostova, I.J., Hower, J.C., Mastalerz, M., Vassilev, S.V., 2011, Mercury capture by selected Bulgarian fly ashes:  Influence of coal rank and fly ash carbon pore structure on carbon efficiency:  Applied Geochemistry, v. 26, p. 18-27.
 
Kostova, I., Vassileva, C., Hower, J., Mastalerz, M., Vassilev, S., Nikolava, N., 2011, Mercury in coals and fly ashes from Republika and Bobov Dol thermoelectric power plants:  Comptes rendus de l'Académie bulgare des Sciences, v. 64, p. 253-262.
 
Kronbauer, M.A., Izquierdo, M., Dai, S., Waanders, F.B., Wagner, N.J., Mastalerz , M., Hower, J.C.,  Oliveira, M.L.S.,  Taffarel, S.R., Bizani, D., Silva, L.F.O., 2013, Geochemistry of ultra-fine and nano-compounds in coal gasification ashes: A synoptic view: The Science of the Total Environment, v. 456-457, p.  95-103.
 
Mardon, S.M., and Hower, J.C., 2004, mpact of coal properties on coal combustion by-product quality: Examples from a Kentucky power plant:  International Journal of Coal Geology, vol. 59, p. 153-169.
 
Mardon, S.M., Hower, J.C., O’Keefe, J.M.K., Marks, M.N., Hedges, D.H., 2008, Coal combustion by-product quality at two stoker boilers: Coal source versus fly ash collection system design:  International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 75, p. 248-254.
 
Maroto-Valer, M. M., Taulbee, D. N., Hower, J. C., 1998, Application of density gradient centrifugation to the concentration of unburned carbon types from fly ash:  American Chemical Society, Fuel Chemistry Division Preprints of Symposia, v. 43, p. 1014-1018.
 
Maroto-Valer, M. M., Taulbee, D.N., and Hower, J.C., 1999, Novel separation of the differing forms of unburned carbon present in fly ash using density gradient centrifugation: Energy & Fuels, v. 13, p. 947-953.
 
Maroto-Valer, M.M., Taulbee, D.N., and Hower, J.C., 2001, Characterization of the carbon types present in fly ash separated by density gradient centrifugation: Fuel, v. 80, p. 795-800.
 
Maroto-Valer, M.M., Taulbee, D.N., Schobert, H.H., and Hower, J.C., 1999, Use of unburned carbon in fly ash as precursor for the development of activated carbons: International Ash Utilization Symposium, Lexington, KY, 18-20 October 1999, cd publication.
 
Maroto-Valer, M.M., Taulbee, D.N., Schobert, H.H., and Hower, J.C., 1999, Characterization of differing forms of unburned carbon present in fly ash: International Ash Utilization Symposium, Lexington, KY, 18-20 October 1999, cd publication.
 
Mastalerz, M., Hower, J.C., Mardon, S.M., Drobniak, A., and Lis, G., 2004, From in-situ coal to fly ash: Examples from Indiana mines and power plants:  International Journal of Coal Geology, vol. 59, p. 171-192.
 
Oliveira, M.L.S., Waanders, F., Silva, L.F.O., Jasper, A., Sampaio, C.H., McHabe, D., Hatch, R.S., Hower, J.C., 2011, A multi-analytical approach to understand the chemistry of Fe-minerals in feed coals and ashes:  Coal Combustion & Gasification Products, v. 3, p. 52-62.
 
Robl, T., Groppo, J.G., Brooks, S., Hower, J.C., and Medina, S.S., 1995, Case studies of low NOx burner retrofit:  I.  The affect of loss on ignition, particle size and chemistry of the fly ash:  American Coal Ash Association, 11th International Symposium on Use and Management of Coal Combustion Byproducts, editors S.S. Tyson, T.H. Blackstock, J. Hunger, and A. Marshall,, Jan. 15-19, 1995, Orlando, FL, published by Electric Power Research Institute, EPRI TR-10467-V1, p. 21-1 - 21-12.
 
Robl, T.L., Hower, J.C., Graham, U.M., Rathbone, R.F., and Medina, S.S., 1995,  Influence of conversion to low NOx combustion on fly ash petrology and mineralogy: A case study:   International Pittsburgh Coal Conference, 12th, p. 121-125.
 
Robl, T.L., Hower, J.C., Groppo, J.G., Graham, U.M., Rathbone, R.F., Taulbee, D.N., and Medina, S.S, 1995, The impact of conversion to low-NOx burners on ash characteristics: American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Proceedings 1995 International Joint Power Generation Conference, October 8-12, 1995, Minneapolis, MN, v. 1, Environmental control/Fuels and Combustion Technologies, p. 469-476.
 
Robl, T.L., Rathbone, R.F., Graham, U., and Hower, J.C., 1998, Field demonstration of mine grout made from fluidized bed combustion ash: SWEMP ‘98 - Fifth International Symposium on Environmental Issues and Waste Management in Energy and Mineral Production, 18-20 May 1998, Ankara, Turkey, A.A. Balkema Publishers, p. 525-530.
 
Robl, T.L., Rathbone, R.F.,Graham, U.M., and Hower, J.C. 1997, The production of low-cost mine grouts for auger hole stabilization from flue gas desulfurization by-products: Field demonstration results: 1997 International Ash Utilization Symposium, 20-22 October, 1997, Lexington, KY, p. 509-516.
 
Rubel, A.M., Hower, J.C., Mardon, S.M., and Zimmerer, M.J., 2006, Thermal Stability of Mercury Captured by Ash: Fuel, vol. 85, p. 2509-2515.
 
Sakulpitakphon, T., Hower, J.C., Schram, W.H., and Ward, C.R., 2004, Tracking Mercury from the Mine to the Power Plant: Geochemistry of the Manchester Coal Bed, Clay County, Kentucky:  International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 57, p. 127-141.
 
Sakulpitakphon, T., Hower, J.C., and Taulbee, D.N., 2003, Predicted CO2 Content of Maceral Concentrates from Kentucky and Illinois Coals:  International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 54, p. 185-192.
 
Sakulpitakphon, T., Hower, J.C., Trimble, A.S., Schram, W.H., and Thomas, G.A., 2000. Mercury capture by fly ash: Study of the combustion of a high-mercury coal at a utility boiler: Energy & Fuels, v. 14, p. 727-733.
 
Sakulpitakphon, T., Hower, J.C., Trimble, A.S., Thomas, G.A., and Schram, W.H., 2003, Arsenic and Mercury Partitioning in Fly Ash at a Kentucky Power Plant:  Energy & Fuels, v. 17, p. 1028-1033.
 
Silva, L.F.O., DaBoit, K., Sampaio, C.H., Jasper, A., Andrade, M.L.,  Kostova, I.J., Waanders, F.B., Henke, K.R., Hower, J.C., 2012,  The occurrence of hazardous volatile elements and nanoparticles in Bulgarian coal fly ashes and the effect on human health exposure:  The Science of the Total Environment, v. 416, p. 513-526.
 
Silva, L.F.O., DaBoit, K., Serra, C., Mardon, S.M., Hower, J.C., 2010, Fullerenes and metallofullerenes in coal-fired stoker fly ash:  Coal Combustion & Gasification Products, v. 2, p. 66-79.
 
Silva, L.F.O., Jasper, A., Andrade, M.L., Sampaio, C.H., Dai, S., Li., X., Li, T., Chen, W., Wang, X., Liu, H., Zhao, L., Hopps, S.G., Jewell, R.F., Hower, J.C., 2012, Applied investigation on the interaction of hazardous elements binding on ultrafine and nanoparticles in Chinese anthracite-derived fly ash:  The Science of the Total Environment, v. 419, 250-264.
 
Silva, L.F.O., Oliveira, M.L.S., Sampaio, C.H., de Brum, I.A.S., Hower, J.C., 2013, Vanadium and nickel speciation in pulverized coal and petroleum coke co-combustion:  Energy & Fuels, v. 27, p. 1194-1203.
 
Silva, L.F.O., Oliveira, M.L.S., Serra, C., Hower, J.C., 2011, Zinc speciation in power plant burning mixtures of coal and tires:  Coal Combustion & Gasification Products, v. 3, p. 35-44.
 
Suárez-Ruiz, I., Hower, J.C., and Thomas, G.A., 2007, Hg and Se Capture and Fly Ash Carbons from Combustion of Complex Pulverized Feed Blends Mainly of Anthracitic Coal Rank in Spanish Power Plants: Energy & Fuels, v. 21, p. 59-70.
 
Valentim, B., Guedes, A., Flores, D., Ward, C.R., Hower, J.C., 2009, Variations in fly ash composition with sampling location: Case study from a Portuguese power plant:  Coal Combustion & Gasification Products, v. 1, p. 14-24. http://www.coalcgp-journal.org/papers/2009/CCGP-D-09-00017-Valentim.pdf
 
Valentim, B., Hower, J.C., Flores, D., Guedes, A., 2008, Notes on the efficacy of wet versus dry screening of fly ash: Minerals & Metallurgical Processing, v. 25, p. 143-148.
 
Valentim, B., Hower, J.C., Guedes, A., Flores, D., 2009, Scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy of low-sulfur coal fly ash:  International Journal of Energy for a Clean Environment, v. 10, p. 147-166.
 
Valentim, B., Hower, J.C., Soares, S., Guedes, A., Garcia, C., Flores, D., Olibeira, Á., 2009, Petrographic characterization of economizer fly ash: Minerals & Metallurgical Processing, v. 26, p. 174-182.
 
Wong, A.S., Hower, J.C., Robertson, J.D., Haeberlin, B.O., Thomas, G.A., and Schram, W.H., 1994, Fluorine partitioning in flue-gas desulfurization: Examples from coal-fired power plants in Kentucky:  Journal of Coal Quality, v. 13, p. 81-87.